The essence of reading: Recommended 2 Science Tips

Science also have secrets? Yes. They will be a shortcut to scientific research to show in front of you, allows you to research the road less detours, as soon as possible get through. Even if you are not a scientific researchers, reading this article can also improve the working methods for you to provide some ideas. We stress critical thinking, but do not forget to imagine thinking and non-control thinking. Only rely on rigorous scientific discoveries have been very few, in fact, many scientific discoveries in the fortuitous opportunities and opportunities arising. Intuition can give us opportunities, but intuition can not directly solve the problem, need to have the ability to grasp this opportunity, and these two books may be your enlightenment secrets. -psytopic.com


"The Art of Scientific Research"

I understand a little bit of science, the arts, I know nothing about. But what is scientific research in art? Bo opened online in science in the evaluation of the Hong-Fei Wang, said the book "Every business has its own routines ... ... these routines if it is on the ideas and the metaphysical way of thinking things will probably be called art." I agree with him, indeed this book is mainly from the way of thinking to be determined on the young students in scientific research have specified, it should be how to find scientific issues and resolve them. These "metaphysical" way of thinking is basically apply to all scientific disciplines. I put "metaphysical" put quotation marks, one of the reasons is because I am from Hong-Fei Wang cited where the word is another reason I really do not really understand the true meaning of the word. But as I understand it, this "metaphysical" with martial-force strength of tips almost, that is to say you play no matter Nanquan or North leg kick, the strength-force are interlinked. And scientific use of specific methods and techniques may vary because of disciplines, the distinction may be differences in the various martial arts, you learn Act I practiced plum piles, each with its own tricks abuse. Although this book does not say how psychology, I will continue to incorporate them into my psychology books. The reason is that you study psychology, this strength you have to practice.


Beveridge is a biologist, the book examples is Beveridge many familiar examples of the biological area, but it will not affect my Psychology people learn nutrition. Because he is not teaching you how to do biological experiments, playing the "bio-boxing", but some scientists tell us how to think and solve problems. Has come from these experiences, we should not be easy. Text section of this book can be used to describe this situation: in the midst of scientific research is like a mist in the Gordon you are not familiar with the mountain, you try to find a variety of paths, however, often do not start smoothly, however, may be occasionally in some circumstances, it suddenly found a way to climb. at least to avoid possessed by the Devil. And scientists often do not report their journey through the rugged, but to build the road quickly reported. (The above write down their memories, failed to fully comply with the original). Beveridge doing this book with the same thing will be a shortcut to scientific research to show in front of us so that we embark on the road of scientific research, the less walk detours and early child任督二脉get through. What are we waiting for it, in order to early叱咤Jianghu, quickly picked up this secret book it.

This book is a sequel, not much space called "the seeds of discovery."


"Found in the seeds"

"Found that the seeds of" as "the art of scientific research" sequel, still continues the theme of its companion, it is a metaphysical philosophy of science books. This book relates to some of the methodology for psychological research has very important significance. For me this position, though into the psychology and brain science door, but scientific research continues to inadvertently clear, and in the methodology of scientific research have an understanding of (and regardless of awareness of the extent of such connections) is conducive to my learning path and vocational road.

Although the philosophy of science books, but this is not boring to read. Beveridge is an understanding of the history of the scientific community, while the book is full of examples of the argument as I would like to thank all have fun, make people feel a little bit of scientific research is not lost to a variety of historical fiction. Even on the philosophy of science are not interested in reading this book as an example of entertainment, but also good.


Reading Notes

The first chapter of the concept and solve problems arising, with an emphasis on creative thinking of the scientific contribution and what ways of thinking, rules and methods to promote scientific discovery in the creative role.

    With regard to scientific research and creative issues related literature books, has long been voluminous. As early as the English version of this book before publication (1980), the authority of the philosophy of science Sir Karl Popper (Karl Popper) on in 1974, pointed out: "the literature on the creative number has reached alarming proportions." However, do not need to drive like a car mechanic know how to do more than create the need for scientific study of creativity is very well informed. Thus, I recommend this bookII"the art of scientific research" when compared to "martial arts tips", it seems to sound too highly of. In fact, we in accordance with their own needs as long as its a little understanding, and then pay more attention, will be able to meet our research needs. However, we read in scientific research while systematically about this book is still very important to grasp the more theoretical knowledge allows us to choose the road not to fast-track into a quagmire, you can let us in the face of difficulties and obstacles as soon as repair errors, a new start now.

    Way of thinking:
    Beveridge mentioned in the book three ways of thinking: critical thinking, to imagine thinking and non-control thinking. Critical thinking is the basis of scientific research, every scientific workers in this regard it is well-trained. It is the scientific issues we found that the elements necessary. However, critical thinking is not all scientific. Raised new problems and solutions often require new concepts and new methods, which often depends on the imagination of thinking and way of thinking without the help of control. Imagine thinking is "Let's thinking along the link, link to one thing and another thing which combines" and thus found that the critical thinking to solve the problem can not be completed. Controlled without thinking, in my understanding is brainstorming. Carried out this way of thinking and problems do not have to limit itself, but to let the ideological emancipation for all the concept of the idea of their own generation, collision, a new spark. For the emergence of new concepts and new problems of creative solutions, the role of thinking behind the two are more obvious. The book also focuses on the above.

    Produced newly discovered steps:

    Collection of information: the problem as the center to collect a variety of issues related to information or even in conflict with (the latter is often the trigger thinking lead to the greatest incentive for a new concept). Some issues in the data collection process will be resolved.

    Thinking the problem: If the available information does not produce the answer, then they would have an in-depth thinking, for all digestion and absorption of information. With different people (even those who do not understand science) to discuss. Open discussion of ideas is an important magic weapon. Through this kind of thinking sometimes get answers to these questions. Even if there is no answer, we will borrow from the thinking of "the brain is prepared" to lay the foundation for the next step.
    Have a concept: thinking efforts may not enable us to reach a clear answer, but it can open our intuition. Help to solve the problem of concepts and methods tend to Emmanuel one is the way. This is often the inspiration for creative fixed-point and give us bring a breakthrough in the problem-solving approach.

    Evaluation of new ideas: After a few steps above the new concept, methods and techniques to pass the test of science. If the outcome is not perfect, can be amended in the final step. If we regret the discovery of new ideas can not be tested, it is wrong, then discard timely than stick to a sensible.

    In this chapter, Beveridge also cited inspire many creative and practical methods, such as lateral thinking, collective thinking and morphology. In response to these methods, he has done a brief introduction and promotion of the relevant books for readers interested in learning all these ways of thinking.


Chapter II the opportunity to discuss the opportunities and the role of scientific discovery.

    Scientists are willing to talk about the scientific rigor, which easily makes the general public misuse of science must proceed step by step in strict accordance with certain steps. Rigorous scientific needs, it is no right or wrong, but only received rigorous scientific discovery is in fact very small. There are many scientific discoveries in the fortuitous opportunities and opportunities arising from scientific chance to be a number of the important role of Nobel Prize-winning recognition and attention. Chapter I mentioned in the way of thinking, the majority is used to shake off the shackles of the previous understanding to find it is often the occasional answer.

    Beveridge to scientific discoveries into opportunities in the three categories: 1) all kinds of ideas and the spirit of the activities arising from casual intuition, 2) Archimedes-style intuition, 3) the accident was found. The first category and the third category easily understood literally, and Archimedes-style intuition is the spirit of activity and interaction caused by external events: Newton's apple fell from a tree inspiration is the story of Archimedes Type intuitive examples. It is worth noting that these three types of opportunities and can not directly solve the problem, but have the opportunity to solve the problem. Only have the ability to grasp this opportunity to take advantage of this golden key to solve the problem.

    Beveridge give a lot of interesting examples to prove that scientific discoveries are not totally in meticulous research obtained. Some of the important discoveries is completely accident. Scientists at a careless or achievements will be a good thing. These examples is that science nosy, let me read with relish, but also has given me confidence: Although I am not a particularly coherent, but it is possible to make a significant contribution. This also gave all share.

    Opportunities in the role of scientific discoveries beyond our wildest dreams, but can also take advantage of this golden key to the needs of certain conditions. First of all, with the closely related fields can be found opportunity. The kind of sitting in the office all day and graduate students rely on experimental research on behalf of their own are unlikely to be found in various experiments accidental situation. Secondly, the need to seize the opportunities wealth of expertise. Professional knowledge-rich people to the situation noted that the emergence of new and better insight into the significance of these circumstances. Finally, in the study was too rigidly research projects, it is easy to let opportunities. As a student, I have to personally take part in the experiment, and strive to the accumulation of knowledge at the same time pay attention to maintaining their own curiosity, not to let the shackles of rules and regulations for scientific research.


Chapter III deals with the newly discovered recognized, and often need a long test period.

    New ideas, new discoveries are basically intuitive selection of a sudden event, often in a short period of time is complete. However, scientific research is indeed a very long process. Recognition of new ideas, new discoveries are applied, often spend a lot of time. On the one hand, scientific research may require long period of time. On the other hand, whether or not these new things with a kind of truth, to be widely accepted is not so easy. Need time to test the truth, this point from the Nobel Prize or a couple of days ago (January 9, 2009) issued by China's State Science and Technology Award winner as evidenced by age.

    Scientific work is a continuum, innovative inventions are also found in the previous basis. Very often, the study of our predecessors neglected until much the same kind of people have found it, often for decades had passed. This regard to remind me to pay attention to new trends in this area, but also to explore the history of literature, may have also been able to detect the flash of precious stones, as a new starting point for their research.

    After the emergence of new discoveries to meet it will be very few flowers and applause, on the contrary, all kinds of doubts about the evidence to refute or even antagonistic to the order of the day. This is normal, because new discoveries are seldom perfect (in this pursuit of perfection is not realistic). Of course, in this case is not necessarily malicious challenge, but also not necessarily a bad thing. Voices of opposition will often help scientists refine their theories and discoveries. But this has been caused by the tragedy. In addition, the emerging results of regular anti-traditional anti-authority faces the emergence of such traditional moralist and authority of those who will naturally be up admirers to protect themselves, and oppose the new knowledge. If the new discovery would undermine a number of commercial companies or the interests of the political elite, they can also suppress the truth by hook or by crook. Scientific controversies will never stop, although sometimes the voices of opposition to hold the upper hand a long time, but as long as scientists insist that the truth will win sooner or later.

    In addition to the reasons listed above, the resistance to innovation, all kinds of anti-science and superstition, pseudo-science, as well as the negative aspects of science itself is also a timely manner to prevent a new scientific discovery of the important reasons to be recognized. Many people do not like new things, which in the scientific community is no exception. Just do not like new things people are often conservative old man, in the scientific community in the voice of impeding innovation often comes from older scientists, many of the authority or related fields. Their negative predictions are often followers as dogma, become an obstacle to innovation. New discovery must first face and breaking of these old ideas do solid. Although the results are often the ultimate truth was confirmed, but this time is often consumed during the distressing.

    Anti-science and pseudo-science of science harm argument is enormous. And the world to engage in these two sectors were not necessarily less than the scientists. Engaged in scientific work to be vigilant for both types of activities.

    Science is about evidence, as the person will appear on the court, like perjury, scientific work, there are false evidence. Sometimes these perjury subjects came from the occasional error or equipment, which is the destructive effects of scientific discovery is limited. The frightening thing is intentionally false. Science deception scandal has occurred frequently, so that the scientific community into disrepute, so that relevant scholars discredited. Similarly in this chapter are given several examples, we may as well read.


Chapter IV about the traditional research methods and research steps, and Popper's research paradigm to make a four-point critique. The fifth chapter focuses on systems theory and reductionism as well as their impact and contribution to scientific research.

    Modern scientists have used research methods, and more is to follow Popper's hypothesis deductive system. In this system, people from the hypothesis, the interpretation of mission "hypothesis is true," the required inference, and then design experiments to verify these inferences. If the outcome is consistent with the inference, the hypothesis was confirmed (but can not be confirmed). If the results are inconsistent with the inference, the hypothesis was falsificationism. This process does not involve any creative activity, seems anyone can do.

    Popper's this point of view of course, will not emphasize the role of science and creativity Beveridge by simple acceptance. This chapter, Beveridge of Popper's theory of criticism, and stressed the importance of creative problem-solving role in scientific research. Beveridge said:
    First, Popper's method of great importance to the neglect of critical thinking creative thinking is the cart before the horse. The main work of scientists is the emergence of creative new concepts, new discoveries, and verify these new findings is the second place.
    Second, Popper's approach focused on Falsificationism, Falsificationism method can easily stifle new ideas. The emergence of new ideas need to find evidence to support, rather than falsification.
    Third, Popper's falsification method can not be classified as a strict logic.
    Fourth, Popper and identified too much emphasis on the "only valuable hypothesis is that for the inspection and may be sensitive to refute the hypothesis." A lot of hypotheses, and even as the scientific basis for many hypotheses are in fact not be tested.

    Research on the basic process, even graduate students are aware of: 1) the issue of recognition 2) data collection 3) invention hypothesis 4) experiment 5) released. Beveridge of these steps separately discussed, I do not started.

    Chapter IV is referred to the traditional methods of scientific research, that is, pay attention to the issue of the various elements of the problem is often broken down into elements of the study. In fact, these factors do not isolate each other, but in the way of a continuum, and that "unity than its various parts of the simple geometric include more things." This is described in Chapter V of the system on the main points. System theory for people to solve complex nonlinear problems provides a set of new methods, and are used in military, commerce, enterprise management and even other aspects of biological sciences.

    On the confrontation with the system's view is Reductionism. Reductionism to use chemical and physical terms and the basic law of theorems to explain everything. They believe that everything the world can be reduced to physical and chemical decomposition of the law, in addition to the physical - chemical law, which the world would be no anything else.

    In philosophy, systems theory and reductionism Although incompatible with each other and there is a lot of controversies, but both applied to the research methods, you can have a complementary effect.


Chapter VI Beveridge discussed in science as a cause of how to proceed with the planning and management.

    For the scientific classification, the current prevailing theory of science and applied science. Applied Science is a common word has been misunderstood, Beveridge that called applied research is more appropriate - at least such a wide range of applications of scientific discovery and technological invention to distinguish between activities. Applied research with academic studies, there is no intellectual difference between high and low social status, the same will have a new discovery. The only difference is that the starting point for research is different from pure research concerns only new discovery, and applied research is even more focus on the study of "usefulness" issue.

    Based on the different motives, there are 5 categories are widely accepted classification of the study. These categories are mainly for the convenience of administration, before the classification is often not clearly defined. This is not my interest, not to enumerate them.

    Science as a career, need financial support. Departments to provide financial support will always be there for capital planning and management of these funds to plan and manage and influence often extends to the scientific planning and management. As the majority of scholars, may not be able to participate in these plans and policy-making process to go, but each of the researchers in this area should be concerned about trends. If you choose the research topics difficult to obtain funding, then most likely you will be a waste of valuable energy to be aborted halfway, no matter the outcome.

    Scientists are opposed to too much of the scientific planning and management. Because the truth is rarely a factor in accordance with the specific research projects generated. And excessive management and plans to obstruct the freedom of scientists willing to think about their own problems, will also interfere with the process of scientific discovery.


Chapter VII of the most interesting is the best among scientists tend to have studied under the guidance of the relationship.

    Fields of science, there is a very interesting phenomenon, this phenomenon in line with an old saying in China: a高徒teacher. This can be seen on the Nobel Prize winner's "pedigree," the study reflected slightly. Many Nobel Prize winners are among the relationship between the existence of teachers.

    Successful example of the role of scientists, students can study aroused passion, but also affect their work. There is passion there is good work habits combined with teacher's guidance, the probability of success naturally greater. So determined to students in scientific research in the selection of mentors, we must try to select the successful scientists and creative team.

    If they are not able to have the honor to follow the brilliant mentor and a team full of enthusiasm, reading a number of important works of history of science can give you to move forward. Reading these works, it is important to understand how scientists make important discoveries. Compared to this, who when made the discovery of what actually is not so important. Hunter would like to learn hunting skills and were not to pay respects to their prey - otherwise you have to starve.

    The study also made a good researcher, I need to improve the scientific appreciation. Is: To study the work of distinguished scientists and foster a sense of humor way. It also reminded the young students in school, we must worship of success for the division of scientists to gain access to creative team. If there are no such conditions can also be read to understand and access to the success of the work of scientists and research methods to improve the scientific appreciation.

    Although experienced scientists to study very important for the young scholars, at the same time we should also be noted that scientists are often the most important finds in the young made. As young people there is no doubt we need an open mind, but an under-estimation is unnecessary. After all, the world is in our hands changing.


Chapter VIII of the authors focused on the side effects of science and technology, and that these side effects should not be made by scientists in charge.

    The final chapter in the beginning, Beveridge summed up by the distinguished scientists of the five common characteristics: superhuman thirst for knowledge and curiosity, eager to work, independent thinking, hard work and dedication has a strong sense of honor. He also listed a number of modern society, the allegations of science and science to defend its neutrality.

    Despite the development of science and technology makes the living standards of humanity was an unprecedented development, people's response to science and technology is not all positive. Development of science and technology has many side effects (such as the possibility of nuclear war), is facing a maximum of scientific criticism. However, for a variety of scientific accused are mostly from the lack of understanding of science. So popular science work for "a healthy society for the future ... is absolutely necessary." This will require scientists to conduct research in the laboratory at the same time should also look to the entire community, concerned about the science and technology may lead to social problems, and assume oversight of science and technology use and popularization of scientific knowledge of social responsibility. However, scientists in their fields of expertise, the "is not more intelligent than others, it is difficult to shake off the personal prejudices and emotional", make mistakes or fall more is common. The task of scientists should be displayed to the public and only the true picture. As for the use of scientific discoveries for what to do with the choice of every citizen on Earth common obligation and responsibility.

    Scientific knowledge is the human hands of a powerful tool, we have to use this tool to change the status quo began to affect future. Science and technology can benefit humanity. This requires that scientists continue to work hard to discover new knowledge, but also the needs of every citizen to assume their responsibilities for the common human struggle for a better tomorrow. As for our future is heaven or hell, they look at our efforts in that direction. Beveridge on this issue is optimistic. Although I have not pessimistic, but more cautious than he wants more. I do not trust to human Beveridge as strong.

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